5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

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Up to date is an phrase that describes an action that brings something in line with the latest information. Similarly, there's a man-eating shark in these waters is nearly the opposite of there's a man eating shark at table 6; the first is a shark, and the second a man.

I must re-press the shirt. En dash: They were a bunch of prep school—educated snobs. We, therefore, the represen- tatives of the United States of America...

Hyphens, En Dashes, Em Dashes

There are two commandments about this misunderstood punctuation mark. First, hyphens must never be used interchangeably with dashes see the section , which are noticeably longer. Second, there should not be spaces around hyphens. Incorrect: 300—325 people Incorrect: 300 - 325 people Correct: 300-325 people Hyphens' main purpose is to glue words together. They notify the reader that two or more elements in a sentence are linked. Although there are rules and customs governing hyphens, there are also situations when writers must decide whether to add them for clarity. Hyphens Between Words Rule 1. Generally, hyphenate two or more words when they come before a noun they modify and act as a single idea. This is called a compound adjective. Examples: an off-campus apartment state-of-the-art design When a compound adjective follows a noun, a hyphen is usually not necessary. Example: The apartment is off campus. However, some established compound adjectives are always hyphenated. Double-check with a dictionary or online. Example: The design is state-of-the-art. When writing out new, original, or unusual compound nouns, writers should hyphenate whenever doing so avoids confusion. Examples: I changed my diet and became a no-meater. No-meater is too confusing without the hyphen. The slacker was a video gamer. Video gamer is clear without a hyphen, although some writers might prefer to hyphenate it. Writers using familiar compound verbs and nouns should consult a dictionary or look online to decide if these verbs and nouns should be hyphenated. An often overlooked rule for hyphens: The adverb very and adverbs ending in ly are not hyphenated. Incorrect: the very-elegant watch Incorrect: the finely-tuned watch This rule applies only to adverbs. The following two examples are correct because the ly words are not adverbs: Correct: the friendly-looking dog Correct: a family-owned cafe Rule 4. Hyphens are often used to tell the ages of people and things. A handy rule, whether writing about years, months, or any other period of time, is to use hyphens unless the period of time years, months, weeks, days is written in plural form: With hyphens: We have a two-year-old child. We have a two-year-old. No hyphens: The child is two years old. Because years is plural. Exception: The child is one year old. Or day, week, month, etc. Note that when hyphens are involved in expressing ages, two hyphens are required. Many writers forget the second hyphen: Incorrect: We have a two-year old child. Never hesitate to add a hyphen if it solves a possible problem. Following are two examples of well-advised hyphens: Confusing: Springfield has little town charm. With hyphen: Springfield has little-town charm. Without the hyphen, the sentence seems to say that Springfield is a dreary place. With the hyphen, little-town becomes a compound adjective, making the writer's intention clear: Springfield is a charming small town. Confusing: She had a concealed weapons permit. With hyphen: She had a concealed-weapons permit. With no hyphen, we can only guess: Was the weapons permit hidden from sight, or was it a permit for concealed weapons? The hyphen makes concealed-weapons a compound adjective, so the reader knows that the writer meant a permit for concealed weapons. When using numbers, hyphenate spans or estimates of time, distance, or other quantities. Remember not to use spaces around hyphens. On a Mac, hold down the Option key and type the minus sign located at the top of the keyboard. Many editors do not hyphenate certain well-known expressions. They believe that set phrases, because of their familiarity e. Examples: a high school senior an ice cream cone a twentieth century throwback However, other editors prefer hyphenating all compound modifiers, even those with low risk of ambiguity. Examples: a high-school senior an ice-cream cone a twentieth-century throwback Rule 11. When in doubt, look it up. Some familiar phrases may require hyphens. For instance, is a book up to date or up-to-date? Don't guess; have a dictionary close by, or look it up online. Hyphens with Prefixes and Suffixes A prefix a, un, de, ab, sub, post, anti, etc. The word prefix itself contains the prefix pre. Prefixes expand or change a word's meaning, sometimes radically: the prefixes a, un, and dis, for example, change words into their opposites e. Use a hyphen with the prefix re when omitting the hyphen would cause confusion with another word. Examples: Will she recover from her illness? I have re-covered the sofa twice. Omitting the hyphen would cause confusion with recover. I must re-press the shirt. Omitting the hyphen would cause confusion with repress. The stamps have been reissued. A hyphen after re- is not needed because there is no confusion with another word. Writers often hyphenate prefixes when they feel a word might be distracting or confusing without the hyphen. Examples: de-ice With no hyphen we get deice, which might stump readers. A suffix y, er, ism, able, etc. Suffixes form new words or alter the original word to perform a different task. For example, the noun scandal can be made into the adjective scandalous by adding the suffix ous. It becomes the verb scandalize by adding the suffix ize. Use discretion—and sometimes a dictionary—before deciding to place a hyphen before a suffix. But do not hesitate to hyphenate a rare usage if it avoids confusion. Examples: the annual dance-athon an eel-esque sea creature Although the preceding hyphens help clarify unusual terms, they are optional and might not be every writer's choice. Still, many readers would scratch their heads for a moment over danceathon and eelesque.

His file appears throughout the Bible as a short, double line inclined to the right at a 60-degree angle. I must re-press the shirt. You can change your cookie settings at any time. In most year to date hyphen, you'll simply want to follow your dictionary's instructions on matters of compound elements. Related Words If two words are inextricably linked, you can choose to hyphenate them or you may combine the words together. Compound adjectives When a compound adjective is formed with an element that is itself an open compound or hyphenated compound, some writers replace the customary hyphen with an en medico. But also, 5 Many treatments maintain that predicative adjectives are adjectives, and that hyphens are often more necessary to disambiguate prenominal adjective constructions than predicative ones. Some familiar phrases may require hyphens.